Southern Nigeria Protectorate

Southern Nigeria Protectorate
1900–1914
Ensign Badge
Anthem: God Save the Queen (1900-1901), God Save the King (1901-1914)
Southern Nigeria (red) British possessions in Africa (pink) 1913
Status	Protectorate of the British Empire
Capital	Lagos (administrative centre from 1906)
Common languages	English (official) Yoruba, Igbo, Ibibio, Edo, Ijaw languages widely spoken
Religion	Christianity, Odinani, Yoruba religion, Islam, African traditional religion
Government	Constitutional monarchy
Monarch
• 1900–1901	Victoria
• 1901–1910	Edward VII
• 1910–1914	George V
High Commissioner
• 1900–1904	Ralph Moor
• 1904–1906	Walter Egerton
Governor
• 1906–1912	Walter Egerton
• 1912–1914	Frederick Lugard
Historical era	New Imperialism
• Established	1 January 1900
• Disestablished	1 January 1914
Currency	Pound sterling (1900–13) British West African pound (1913–14)
Preceded by Succeeded by Niger Coast Protectorate Royal Niger Company Lagos Colony Nigeria Protectorate
Today part of	Nigeria

Southern Nigeria was a British protectorate in the coastal areas of modern-day Nigeria formed in 1900 from the union of the Niger Coast Protectorate with territories chartered by the Royal Niger Company below Lokoja on the Niger River.^[1]

The Lagos colony was later added in 1906, and the territory was officially renamed the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria. In 1914, Southern Nigeria was joined with Northern Nigeria Protectorate to form the single colony of Nigeria.^[2] The unification was done for economic reasons and the colonial administration sought to use the budget surpluses in Southern Nigeria to offset this deficit.^[3]

Sir Frederick Lugard, who took office as governor of both protectorates in 1912, was responsible for overseeing the unification, and he became the first governor of the newly united territory. Lugard established several central institutions to anchor the evolving unified structure.^[4] A Central Secretariat was instituted at Lagos, which was the seat of government, and the Nigerian Council (later the Legislative Council), was founded to provide a forum for representatives drawn from the provinces. Certain services were integrated across the Northern and Southern Provinces because of their national significance—military, treasury, audit, posts and telegraphs, railways, survey, medical services, judicial and legal departments—and brought under the control of the Central Secretariat in Lagos.^[3]

The process of unification was undermined by the persistence of different regional perspectives on governance between the Northern and Southern Provinces, and by Nigerian nationalists in Lagos.^[5] While southern colonial administrators welcomed amalgamation as an opportunity for imperial expansion, their counterparts in the Northern Province believed that it was injurious to the interests of the areas they administered because of their relative backwardness and that it was their duty to resist the advance of southern influences and culture into the north. Southerners, on their part, were not eager to embrace the extension of legislation originally meant for the north to the south.^[3]